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Consensus
Layer (CL)
Data
Layer (DL)
Execution
Layer (EL)
2026
Glamsterdam
2027
Hegotá
2027-28
I*
2028
J*
2028-29
K*
2029
L*
longer term
north stars
latencyperformance
accessibilityhardness
cryptographyhardness
throughputperformance
typeshardness
throughputperformance
sustainabilityhardness
EVMhardness
cryptographyhardness
slots
finality
roles
specs
quantum
proofs
write
read
quantum
features
gas
gossip
zkEVM
pricing
state
ISA
quantum
privacy
quick slotsEIPfast L1finality in secondsslot duration decreasesfast confirmationdecoupled consensus1-round finality1M attestations per slot🤔ePBSSFIFOCILSFIsnail issuance🤔attester-proposer separation🤔distributed block buildingmodernized beacon specsbeacon & lean specs mergetech debt reset51% attack auto-recoverypost quantum pubkey registrypost quantum heartbeatPQ leanXMSS attestationsVDF randomness🤔real-time CL proofssecret proposers🤔sparse blobpoolEIPteragas L21 Gbyte/secdata availability increasescell-level deltasEIPlocal blob reconstructionblob streamingPQ leanDA samplingpost quantum L1hash-basedproofs of custody🤔leanVMremove blob transaction typeshort-dated blob futures🤔gigagas L11 Ggas/secgas limit increasesethp2p broadcastethp2p unificationsharded mempoolevm-asm canonical guestoptional 2-of-3 proofsEIPmandatory 1-of-1 proofsnative rollupsEIPGlamsterdam repricingCFIdata repricingEIPmultidimensional pricingEIPleanDA block samplingEIPlong-dated gas futures🤔BALsSFIstate-asmpartial binary treevalidity-only partial statedecentralized stateendgame state🤔EVMify long-tail precompilesEIPpureth purgesEIPzkzkRISC-V framesframe transactionsCFIephemeral keysPQ leanSPHINCS transactionslean privacy wormholeskeyed nonces & recent rootsEIPprivacy mempoolencrypted mempoolEIPprivate L1shielded transfers